Aquatic insects play a vital role in both freshwater and marine habitats. It plays critical roles in food web dynamics, nutrient cycling, and fish population productivity, all of which are important to the fishing sector. This study focuses on the ecological significance of aquatic insects, including their roles as primary consumers, detritivores, prey items and bio-indicators, as well as their impact on fish development, survival, and fishery yields. In aquaculture research, we discuss how aquatic insect abundance supports both natural and stocked fisheries, as well as its function in sustainable, low-input aquaculture. We discuss ecosystem health assessment and conservation, demonstrating how monitoring aquatic insects may inform fisheries management and restoration. We also discuss rising concerns such as habitat loss, pollution, climate change and present solutions such as habitat augmentation, bio-floc systems, and integrated watershed management to protect aquatic insect biodiversity and improve fishing resilience. Overall, aquatic insects are essential to fisheries, and their conservation and management are vital for ecosystem services, long-term fish production, and resilience in the face of global change.